Kwashiorkor in an 8-Month-Old Infant Due to Homemade Formula Use.

INTRODUCTION: Kwashiorkor is a malnutrition syndrome most commonly seen in the United States among patients with malabsorptive conditions. While it is rare in otherwise healthy individuals, cases can develop where low nutritional literacy or unorthodox diets are a factor. CASE PRESENTATION: We present an 8-month-old infant who developed kwashiorkor after transitioning to homemade infant formula. DISCUSSION: This patient developed severe malnutrition due to consumption of homemade formula that did not meet nutritional standards. The recipe was promoted by an alternative health organization as a healthy option, and the difficulty in identifying reliable health information online also played a significant role. CONCLUSIONS: Families of young children face many challenges, particularly during the recent infant formula shortage. Maintaining strong relationships and open communication with trusted health care professionals is vital to combating health misinformation and helping patients and families navigate these challenges safely.

One-carbon metabolism in children with marasmus and kwashiorkor.

BACKGROUND: Kwashiorkor is a childhood syndrome of edematous malnutrition. Its precise nutritional precipitants remain uncertain despite nine decades of study. Remarkably, kwashiorkor's disturbances resemble the effects of experimental diets that are deficient in one-carbon nutrients. This similarity suggests that kwashiorkor may represent a nutritionally mediated syndrome of acute one-carbon metabolism dysfunction. Here we report findings from a cross-sectional exploration of serum one-carbon metabolites in Malawian children. METHODS: Blood was collected from children aged 12-60 months before nutritional rehabilitation: kwashiorkor (N = 94), marasmic-kwashiorkor (N = 43) marasmus (N = 118), moderate acute malnutrition (N = 56) and controls (N = 46). Serum concentrations of 16 one-carbon metabolites were quantified using LC/MS techniques, and then compared across participant groups. FINDINGS: Twelve of 16 measured one-carbon metabolites differed significantly between participant groups. Measured outputs of one-carbon metabolism, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and cysteine, were lower in marasmic-kwashiorkor (median µmol/L (± SD): 0·549 (± 0·217) P = 0·00045 & 90 (± 40) P < 0·0001, respectively) and kwashiorkor (0·557 (± 0·195) P < 0·0001 & 115 (± 50) P < 0·0001), relative to marasmus (0·698 (± 0·212) & 153 (± 42)). ADMA and cysteine were well correlated with methionine in both kwashiorkor and marasmic-kwashiorkor. INTERPRETATION: Kwashiorkor and marasmic-kwashiorkor were distinguished by evidence of one-carbon metabolism dysfunction. Correlative observations suggest that methionine deficiency drives this dysfunction, which is implicated in the syndrome's pathogenesis. The hypothesis that kwashiorkor can be prevented by fortifying low quality diets with methionine, along with nutrients that support efficient methionine use, such as choline, requires further investigation. FUNDING: The Hickey Family Foundation, the American College of Gastroenterology, the NICHD, and the USDA/ARS.

Dietary intake of sulfur amino acids and risk of kwashiorkor malnutrition in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

BACKGROUND: Kwashiorkor is an often-fatal type of severe acute malnutrition affecting hundreds of thousands of children annually, but whose etiology is still unknown. Evidence suggests inadequate sulfur amino acid (SAA) status may explain many signs of the condition but studies evaluating dietary protein intake in relation to the genesis of kwashiorkor have been conflicting. We know of no studies of kwashiorkor that have measured dietary SAAs. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether children in a population previously determined to have high prevalence of kwashiorkor [high-prevalence population (HPP)] have lower dietary intakes of SAAs than children in a low-prevalence population (LPP). METHODS: A cross-sectional census survey design of 358 children compared 2 previously identified adjacent populations of children 36-59 mo old in North Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Data collected included urinary thiocyanate (SCN), cyanogens in cassava-based food products, recent history of illness, and a 24-h quantitative diet recall for the child. RESULTS: The HPP and LPP had kwashiorkor prevalence of 4.5% and 1.7%, respectively. A total of 170 children from 141 households in the LPP and 169 children from 138 households in the HPP completed the study. A higher proportion of HPP children had measurable urinary SCN (44.8% compared with 29.4%, P < 0.01). LPP children were less likely to have been ill recently (26.8% compared with 13.6%, P < 0.01). Median [IQR] intake of SAAs was 32.4 [22.9-49.3] mg/kg for the LPP and 29.6 [18.1-44.3] mg/kg for the HPP (P < 0.05). Methionine was the first limiting amino acid in both populations, with the highest risk of inadequate intake found among HPP children (35.1% compared with 23.6%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children in a population with a higher prevalence of kwashiorkor have lower dietary intake of SAAs than children in a population with a lower prevalence. Trial interventions to reduce incidence of kwashiorkor should consider increasing SAA intake, paying particular attention to methionine.

Secondary Kwashiorkor Disease in a Patient with Gastric Bypass Surgery and Short Gut Syndrome.

BACKGROUND Kwashiorkor disease is a subtype of severe acute protein malnutrition characterized by peripheral edema associated with hypoalbuminemia and ascites. It can result from both protein deficiency and protein loss. In resource-poor countries, the disease often is caused by inadequate dietary intake, but in resource-rich countries, it can be seen as a rare complication of severe malabsorption. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with 1 week of progressive anasarca in the setting of decreased dietary intake and poor tolerance of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). She had a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery which was complicated by a strangulated internal hernia that required an exploratory laparotomy and small bowel resection. She subsequently developed short gut syndrome with TPN dependence. Work-up revealed hypoalbuminemia with several micronutrient deficiencies consistent with secondary kwashiorkor disease. With a multidisciplinary approach that included Gastroenterology, Pharmacy, and Nutrition, she was treated with albumin, furosemide, nutritional supplementation, and ultimately rechallenged with TPN. At discharge, her swelling had improved, her weight had decreased, and her albumin improved to the normal range. CONCLUSIONS This case is a unique presentation of secondary kwashiorkor disease. In our patient, the combination of gastric bypass surgery and short gut syndrome with poor TPN tolerance likely led to severe protein malabsorption. This underscores the importance of recognizing the signs and symptoms of kwashiorkor disease and understanding the associated complications so that treatment can be instituted promptly. Furthermore, the case demonstrates how an interdisciplinary approach to management can increase the chance of a successful outcome.

Nutritional Treatment of a Young Infant with Cystic Fibrosis Presenting with Severe Kwashiorkor Dermatosis.

Kwashiorkor in infancy is typically associated to an underlying disease. Edema, a striking feature of this type of malnutrition, can be difficult to assess in this age group. The typical dermatosis of Kwashiorkor is not fully explained the deficiency of one isolated vitamin or micronutrient. This article presents an infant with cystic fibrosis, who developed Kwashiorkor in the third month of life with extensive cutaneous manifestations. An early, individualized and aggressive nutritional intervention with optimized supplementationof sulfur amino acids, vitamins and micronutrients was established, with impressively recovery of overall nutrition and skin manifestations in a relatively short period of time.

Switching to normal diet reverses kwashiorkor-induced salivary impairments via increased nitric oxide level and expression of aquaporin 5 in the submandibular glands of male Wistar rats.

Kwashiorkor, a form of malnutrition, has been shown to cause impaired salivary secretion. However, there is dearth of information on the mechanism that underlies this complication. Also, whether returning to normal diet after kwashiorkor will reverse these complications or not is yet to be discerned. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the mechanisms that underlie kwashiorkor-induced salivary impairments and to evaluate the effects of switching back to normal-diet on kwashiorkor-induced salivary impairments. Weaning rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (control group, kwashiorkor group (KG), re-fed kwashiorkor group (RKG)) of 7 rats each. The control group had standard rat chow while the KG and RKG were fed 2% protein diet for 6 weeks to induce kwashiorkor. The RKG had their diet changed to standard rat-chow for another 6 weeks. Blood and stimulated saliva samples were collected for the analysis of total protein, electrolytes, amylase, immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion rate, leptin, and ghrelin. Tissue total protein, nitric oxide level, expressions of Na+/K+-ATPase, muscarinic (M3) receptor, and aquaporin 5 in the submandibular glands were also determined. Data were presented as means ± SEM and compared using ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. RKG showed improved salivary function evidenced by reduced salivary lag-time and potassium and increased flow rate, sodium, amylase, IgA secretion rate, leptin, submandibular nitric oxide level, and aquaporin 5 expression compared with KG. This study for the first time demonstrated that kwashiorkor caused significant reduction in salivary secretion through reduction of nitric oxide level and aquaporin 5 expression in submandibular salivary glands. Normal-diet re-feeding after kwashiorkor returned salivary secretion to normal.

A child with kwashiorkor misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis.

Although uncommon, kwashiorkor continues to occur in developed, but mainly in developing nations. It is a type of protein-calorie malnutrition that occurs in the setting of insufficient protein intake in the presence of sufficient caloric intake. Skin and hair changes should prompt a thorough dietary history and appropriate dietary intervention. We report a case of a 12-month old girl in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, who presented with diffuse edema, desquamation, and irritability misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis. The diagnosis was consistent with kwashiorkor as a result of severe dietary restriction. The mother had placed the child on a severely restrictive diet, consisting only of potatoes, gelatin, and juice as a consequence of the inability to breastfeed. Kwashiorkor is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed and if unrecognized or untreated, may be devastating. This makes it imperative that physicians consider this diagnosis, recognize potential risk factors, and be prepared to accurately assess overall nutritional status of patients.

Kwashiorkor: an unexpected complication to anorexia nervosa.

We present the case of a woman aged 48 years, diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN) at the age of 12. She was admitted to a highly specialised eating disorder facility with distended abdomen, muscular atrophy, ulcerative dermatitis, electrolyte derangements and low serum albumin. Her weight was 53.1 kg, corresponding to a body mass index (BMI) of 17.9 kg/m2 After initial stabilisation, a therapeutic ascites puncture relieved the patient from 6500 mL of ascites. After 6 weeks of nutritional and diuretic treatment, the patient was discharged with a weight of 46.8 kg (BMI 15.7 kg/m2), without ascites and with healed ulcerations. The condition was consistent with kwashiorkor, a complication to malnutrition rarely seen in AN.

The Rise and Fall of Protein Malnutrition in Global Health.

BACKGROUND: From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, United Nations (UN) agencies were focused on protein malnutrition as the major worldwide nutritional problem. The goal of this review is to examine this era of protein malnutrition, the reasons for its demise, and the aftermath. SUMMARY: The UN Protein Advisory Group was established in 1955. International conferences were largely concerned about protein malnutrition in children. By the early 1970s, UN agencies were ringing the alarm about a 'protein gap'. In The Lancet in 1974, Donald McLaren branded these efforts as 'The Great Protein Fiasco', declaring that the 'protein gap' was a fallacy. The following year, John Waterlow, the scientist who led most of the efforts on protein malnutrition, admitted that a 'protein gap' did not exist and that young children in developing countries only needed sufficient energy intake. The emphasis on protein malnutrition waned. It is recently apparent that quality protein and essential amino acids are missing in the diet and may have adverse consequences for child growth and the reduction of child stunting. Key Messages: It may be time to re-include protein and return protein malnutrition in the global health agenda using a balanced approach that includes all protective nutrients.

Iatrogenic kwashiorkor after distal gastric bypass surgery: the consequences of receiving multinational treatment.

Protein-calorie malnutrition or kwashiorkor is extremely rare after gastric bypass surgery. We report a case of a woman referred to a weight management clinic in the United Kingdom who developed bilateral leg oedema 2 years after gastric bypass surgery in Tunisia. Her serum albumin concentration was 24 g/l, and her body mass index was 16.2 kg/m(2). A review of the postoperative report of her bariatric surgery revealed that she had undergone a distal bypass with anastomosis of the intestine at 1 m proximal to the ileocaecal valve. She required gastrostomy feeding for 6 months before undergoing revisional surgery to a proximal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in order to restore healthy weight. We recommend that if patients are having their bariatric surgery outside of their country of residence, they should always obtain a copy of the operative notes so that these are readily available if complications arise.

Errores dietéticos en el lactante: las bebidas vegetales (parte 2) / Vegetable drinks in infants: a nutritional risk (part 2)

Introducción: En la práctica clínica habitual observamos que algunas familias usan a menudo bebidas a base de vegetales, a veces como parte de una dieta variada y a veces sustituyendo por completo a la leche de vaca. La leche es un alimento fundamental en la infancia, en especial durante el periodo de lactancia y en los niños de corta edad. En caso de que exista una indicación para suprimir la leche de la dieta, debe sustituirse por alimentos de similar valor nutricional. Objetivo: Revisar la composición nutricional de bebidas vegetales y su posible relación con las deficiencias nutricionales cuando se emplean en lactantes. Metodología: Se revisa la composición nutricional de bebidas vegetales a partir de la información obtenida de la web y de las etiquetas nutricionales. Se revisa la patología nutricional asociada al consumo de bebidas vegetales en lactantes a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed de los últimos 25 años, con las condiciones «vegetable beverages or rice beverages or soy beverages or plant milk beverages or rice milk» e «infant nutrition». Resultados: Se describe la composición nutricional de 74 marcas de bebidas vegetales comercializadas en España (24 de soja, 14 de arroz, 12 de almendras, 16 de avena y 8 de horchata de chufa). Hay publicados al menos 27 casos de patología nutricional en lactantes y niños pequeños asociados al consumo casi exclusivo de bebidas vegetales (3 con soja, 15 con arroz y 9 con almendras). Se constata una asociación característica entre la bebida de soja y el raquitismo, la bebida de arroz y el kwashiorkor, así como entre la bebida de almendras y la alcalosis metabólica. Discusión: Sería deseable que los envases de bebidas vegetales indicasen que no deben consumirse de forma exclusiva antes del año de vida y que no son un alimento completo ni una alternativa nutricional a la leche de vaca. En caso de que un niño siga una alimentación no exclusiva con este tipo de bebidas, el pediatra debería conocer sus riesgos y limitaciones nutritivas para compensar los posibles déficits con otros alimentos (AU)

Introduction: In common practice some families that use regularly vegetable drinks are found. Sometimes as a part of a varied diet, sometimes substituting cow's milk. Milk is an important food during childhood and a key constituent of the diet in infants and toddlers. If there is a need to avoid milk, it should be substituted by a food with a similar nutritional profile. Goal: To review the composition of commercially available vegetable drinks in Spain as well as to present data on the relationship between intake of infancy and nutritional deficiencies in this age. Methods: Information present in the web and nutrition labels in packages was obtained. A bibliographic search was done (PubMed, since 1990) using as Mesh terms: «vegetable beverages or rice beverages or soy beverages or plant milk beverages or rice milk» and «infant nutrition». Results: 74 trade mark vegetable drinks were reviewed (24 soy drinks, 14 rice drinks, 12 almond drinks, 16 oat drinks and 8 horchata drinks). At least 27 cases of nutritional deficits when vegetable drink were consumed as exclusive or principal drink by infants have been published (3 using soy drink, 15 with a rice drink, 9 with almond drink). There was a correlation between soy drink and rickets, kwashiorkor and rice drinks, and metabolic alcalosis and use of an almond-based drink. Discussion: As a recommendation it would be profitable if vegetable drink packages include in the labelling a comment alarming on the use of these drinks as exclusive or main drink in infancy and young children and that they are not an alternative to cow's milk. Pediatricians should be aware of the nutritional risk when babies consume these products regularly (AU)

Errores dietéticos en el lactante: las bebidas vegetales (parte 1) / Vegetable drinks in infants: a nutritional risk (part 1)

Introducción: En la práctica clínica habitual observamos que algunas familias usan a menudo bebidas a base de vegetales, a veces como parte de una dieta variada y a veces sustituyendo por completo a la leche de vaca. La leche es un alimento fundamental en la infancia, en especial durante el periodo de lactancia y en los niños de corta edad. En caso de que exista una indicación para suprimir la leche de la dieta, debe sustituirse por alimentos de similar valor nutricional. Objetivo: Revisar la composición nutricional de bebidas vegetales y su posible relación con las deficiencias nutricionales cuando se emplean en lactantes. Metodología: Se revisa la composición nutricional de bebidas vegetales a partir de la información obtenida de la web y de las etiquetas nutricionales. Se revisa la patología nutricional asociada al consumo de bebidas vegetales en lactantes a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed de los últimos 25 años, con las condiciones vegetable beverages or rice beverages or soy beverages or plant milk beverages or rice milk e infant nutrition. Resultados: Se describe la composición nutricional de 74 marcas de bebidas vegetales comercializadas en España (24 de soja, 14 de arroz, 12 de almendras, 16 de avena y 8 de horchata de chufa). Hay publicados al menos 27 casos de patología nutricional en lactantes y niños pequeños asociados al consumo casi exclusivo de bebidas vegetales (3 con soja, 15 con arroz y 9 con almendras). Se constata una asociación característica entre la bebida de soja y el raquitismo, la bebida de arroz y el kwashiorkor, así como entre la bebida de almendras y la alcalosis metabólica. Discusión: Sería deseable que los envases de bebidas vegetales indicasen que no deben consumirse de forma exclusiva antes del año de vida y que no son un alimento completo ni una alternativa nutricional a la leche de vaca. En caso de que un niño siga una alimentación no exclusiva con este tipo de bebidas, el pediatra debería conocer sus riesgos y limitaciones nutritivas para compensar los posibles déficits con otros alimentos (AU)

Introduction: In common practice some families that use regularly vegetable drinks are found. Sometimes as a part of a varied diet, sometimes substituting cow’s milk. Milk is an important food during childhood and a key constituent of the diet in infants and toddlers. If there is a need to avoid milk, it should be substituted by a food with a similar nutritional profile. Goal: To review the composition of commercially available vegetable drinks in Spain as well as to present data on the relationship between intake of infancy and nutritional deficiencies in this age. Methods: Information present in the web and nutrition labels in packages was obtained. A bibliographic search was done (PubMed, since 1990) using as Mesh terms: “vegetable beverages or rice beverages or soy beverages or plant milk beverages or rice milk” and “infant nutrition”. Results: 74 trade mark vegetable drinks were reviewed (24 soy drinks, 14 rice drinks, 12 almond drinks, 16 oat drinks and 8 horchata drinks). At least 27 cases of nutritional deficits when vegetable drink were consumed as exclusive or principal drink by infants have been published (3 using soy drink, 15 with a rice drink, 9 with almond drink). There was a correlation between soy drink and rickets, kwashiorkor and rice drinks, and metabolic alcalosis and use of an almond-based drink. Discussion: As a recommendation it would be profitable if vegetable drink packages include in the labelling a comment alarming on the use of these drinks as exclusive or main drink in infancy and young children and that they are not an alternative to cow’s milk. Pediatricians should be aware of the nutritional risk when babies consume these products regularly (AU)

Social, dietary and clinical correlates of oedema in children with severe acute malnutrition: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute malnutrition is a serious public health problem, and a challenge to clinicians. Why some children with malnutrition develop oedema (kwashiorkor) is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate socio-demographic, dietary and clinical correlates of oedema, in children hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition. METHODS: We recruited children with severe acute malnutrition admitted to Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Data was collected using questionnaires, clinical examination and measurement of blood haemoglobin, plasma c-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein. Correlates of oedema were identified using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 120 children included, 77 (64%) presented with oedematous malnutrition. Oedematous children were slightly older (17.7 vs. 15.0 months, p = 0.006). After adjustment for age and sex, oedematous children were less likely to be breastfed (odds ratio (OR): 0.19, 95%-confidence interval (CI): 0.06; 0.59), to be HIV-infected (OR: 0.10, CI: 0.03; 0.41), to report cough (OR: 0.33, CI: 0.13; 0.82) and fever (OR: 0.22, CI: 0.09; 0.51), and to have axillary temperature > 37.5 °C (OR: 0.28 CI: 0.11; 0.68). Household dietary diversity score was lower in children with oedema (OR: 0.58, CI: 0.40; 85). No association was found with plasma levels of acute phase proteins, household food insecurity or birth weight. CONCLUSION: Children with oedematous malnutrition were less likely to be breastfed, less likely to have HIV infection and had fewer symptoms of other infections. Dietary diversity was lower in households of children who presented with oedema. Future research may confirm whether a causal relationship exists between these factors and nutritional oedema.

[Adult kwashiorkor: a rare complication of bariatric surgery]. / Kwashiorkor chez l'adulte : une complication rare de la chirurgie bariatrique.

INTRODUCTION: Kwashiorkor is a clinical manifestation of global protein-calorie malnutrition that is described mainly in children in developing countries initially presenting eczema-like skin disease associated with hydrops. OBSERVATION: We report the case of a 44-year-old woman with dark skin who had undergone bariatric surgery for treatment of stage-III obesity without regular monitoring and who was hospitalized in our dermatology department four years later. She had diffuse oedema and asteatotic eczema-like cutaneous lesions on pigmented skin that had developed for two months despite daily application of topical corticosteroids. Clinical signs, the collapse of serum albumin and histopathological analysis of skin tissue were evocative of kwashiorkor. Her symptoms subsided after several weeks of a nutritional programme. DISCUSSION: Kwashiorkor is a clinical entity described chiefly in children in developing countries. Cutaneous involvement comprising asteatotic eczema-like skin associated with diffuse oedema is prominent. Treatment with protein supplementation alone is effective and avoids many complications such as infections and haemodynamic disorders. Obesity is a serious and common disease in Western countries affecting one third of the world's population, and for which treatment with bariatric surgery may be indicated. Without regular monitoring, this surgery can cause severe protein deficiency. Consequently, in the future there will seemingly be a greater likelihood of kwashiorkor in adults as an iatrogenic complication of obesity treatment. Its semiology needs to be underlined because of the simplicity and efficacy of treatment.